This Expert Opinion, ordered by the German Ministery of Economics, largely states the opinion of Axel Horns, patent lawyer in Munich, which he had alread exposed in almost identical form in previous articles and discussions. Like many of his colleagues, Horns interprets Art 52 EPC as an obnoxious misconception of the legislator. He eloquently avoids to understand its underlying systematic teaching about the technical invention. The software patent critics, who base much of their legal opinion on this systematic understanding of the current law, are labeled as "ideologues". Even the legislator is, against all historical facts, presented as a moron:
Thus the introduction of the term "computer programs as such" into German and European patent law was no more than an act of symbolic legislations without practical meaning, born from a lack of technical understanding. ... It was by no means understood to serve as a dam against the patentability of software inventions.
Art 52(2(3) EPC) does not either mention or imply a syntactic or semantic unit called "computer programs as such". Just as mathematical methods, construction plans, "programs for computers" etc are
not patentable as such, the historical myths of Horns are
as such hardly worthy of any serious discussion. However they could aspire to certain honours in the context of a
satire.
Instead of analysing the details of this expert opinion, we will first present here a few extracts from our discussions with Axel Horns. In order to understand more deeply the background of this discussion, you may want to browse through the
legal literure on the notion of technical invention. Horns keeps silent on this literature, mentions at best helpful fragments of the
ABS decision and occasionally insinuates that once upon a time there was an "outdated" concept of technical invention and and an "old core theory" (i.e. the doctrine that a claim must be stripped of its "linguistic clothing" and that not the claim wording but the "inventive core", i.e. the problem solution in return for whose disclosure a monopoly is granted, must be an application of physical causality). Unfortunately the reasoning of Horns itself could be seen as "outdated" compared to the concept of technical invention and the "core theory". The Horns teaching lacks novelty compared to the reasoning of a whole range of theorists and court decisions of the 50s, 60s and 70s, that were, after a long argumenative back and forth, overruled by the landmark decisions in 1973,
1976 in Germany as well as parallel decisions in France and other European countries. The European Patent Convention (EPC) was born in this context, and its underlying concept of technical invention received a forceful theoretical underpinning by
Gert Kolle and other scholars of the time, which again found its way back into BGH caselaw, which speaks a clear a language against software patents, just as the examination guidelines of the EPO.
The LuHoGe expert opinion uses a lot of space on known personal opinions that have been forcefully rejected. One of these is Robert Gehrings statement in favor of a novelty grace period, which echoes, which echoes a similar demand of the
universitarian patent lobby. Another is Prof. Lutterbecks frequently reiterated claim that copyright is adequate to Goethe's Faust but not to software. This claim is no longer state of the art, because copyright has been adapted to software through several rounds of revision in the 80s and 90s, and it contradicts the daily practise and widespread acceptance of copyright in all parts of the software community. The fact that software functionalities cannot be appropriated by means of coypright does not indicate that they need to be appropriated by means of patents. It could just as well indicate that they should not be appropriatable at all, as has been frequently pointed out by the patent law literature. Lutterbeck on the one hand tries to justify the expansion of the patent system into the field of abstract functional ideas and on the other hand cites Machlup and others to give a negative judgement on the patent system as a whole, including the field of concrete physical causality, where it has caused much less trouble. This way Lutterbeck manages to appear as a critic of the patent system while at the same time condoning patent inflation and evading the questions he was asked by the ministery of economics.
On the whole the experience with this and other "expert opinions" leads to the question, whether such opinions really justify the privilege of a governmental study order. Wouldn't it be better if the responsible governmental agencies could actively participate in a well organised public discussion through means such as mailing lists or newsgroups, and within that framework sponsor conferences, pay for more systematic presentations of information sources as well as research on specific factual questions? The question of this study "patents vs open source, a contradiction?" was apparently not worth asking. Our
consultation questions of the Federal Parliament could provide some inspiration as to what might be.
Bundeswirtschaftsministerium vergibt Studie über Patente und Open Source Software
- On 2000-08-03 H. Soquat announces that the Federal Ministery of Economics and Technology (BMWi) has ordered a study on the impact of patents on network security and open source software
BMWi gibt Gutachten zu Software-Patente der TU Berlin, Prof. Dr. iur.Lutterbeck u.a., frei
- The BMWi website announces the publication of the study in Dec 2000 and explains backgrounds
IPJUR on SOFTWARE
- Similar arguments from Axel Horns on his website
The Horns argumatation in a JURPC article
- Another similar article appeared in GRUR 2001-01
Telepolis report
- Telepois reports about the LuHoGe report and about dissenting voices from FFII, SuSE and others
VDI-Nachrichten
- reports about the report and the criticism
Discussions on Mailing Lists
Informatik und Gesellschaft -- The Empirical Big Picture People
- Website of the group of researchers around Prof. Lutterbeck at Berlin Technical University
Article by Wolfgang Tauchert
- The software patent chief ideologue of the German Patent Office applauds the expert opinion's view that patentability can not be limited to technical inventions in the traditional sense, but criticises their demand for special treatment of opensource software as the reflection of particularist interests of people who want free access to other's intellectual property for themselves and at least in part non-conformant to "international legal order" which must take precedence over considerations of whether such an order serves the goals of public policy, given that the latter is often influenced by particularist interests such as that of the open source lobby, due to whose pressure the overdue deletion of "programs for computers" from the European Patent Convention was once again postponed.
http://cert.uni-stuttgart.de/ticker/article.php?mid=56
- Hebt die ökonomischen Überlegungen hervor, lässt die juristische Argumentation links liegen.
"Open-Source-Initiative für Patente"
- Christiane Schulzi-Haddouti über Lutterbeck-Gutachten
Gehring 2001-10: Software Patents and Security
- wiederholt im wesentlichen Standpunkte der Studie und weist ein englischsprachiges Publikum auf deren Bedeutung hin. Erhielt auf einer Konferenz einen von SAP u.a. ausgelobten Preis als "bestes Papier".
Erich Bierampel: Kritik Lutterbeck-Studie
- Erich Bierampel, inventor and proprietor of some valuable patents in the field of measurement technology, is concerned about an "exhaustion of patentworthy ideas". He finds that the stock market and vested interests have, in their relentless drive to develop ever new goldrushes fewelled by patent monopolies, inflated the patent system to a degree where most patents are trivial and the system itself is close to a point of collapse, like an economy after a long period of hyper-inflation. He applauds the ministery of economics for its decision to take the issue out of the hands of patent law gurus of international organisations and openly question the efficiency of the system. However he criticizes that the authors of this study seem to be more concerned about continuing to extend the system and conserving unjustified proprietary structures than about actually analysing the problems and proposing solutions. Here are some quotations:
Stellungnahme Lutterbeck zur Bundestagsanhörung über Logikpatente
- Prof. Dr. iur. Bernd Lutterbeck präsentiert seine bekannte Position, wonach das Urheberrecht für Software ungeeignet und eine Patentierung von logischen Funktionalitäten unvermeidbar ist und nur auf dem Wege der Schrankenbestimmungen -- über ein sogenanntes "Quelltextprivileg" -- Abhilfe gegen Probleme geschaffen werden kann, die auch Lutterbeck als höchst dramatisch darstellt. Lutterbeck hat seine Position bisher nie der Prüfung durch eine Diskussion unterzogen, aber dafür mit schönen Präsentationsgrafiken von prestigeträchtigen Kathedern herunter doziert. Neu am jetzigen Text ist die Forderung, eine Lösung für die von Logikpatenten verursachten Probleme dürfe nur im Einvernehmen mit den USA angestrebt werden.
PA Axel H. Horns and Software Patents
- A Munich-based patent attorney specialising on software, process control, telecommunications and the like, vociferous supporter of unlimited patentability. Horns is the main author of a German government-ordered study on the subject. He argues that Art 52 EPC is ill-defined and practically meaningless: not meant to limit patentability but only to limit claim wording: the invention is what is written in the claims: as long as the claims describe an engergy-consuming process, the invention is technical. Horns however feels that something should be done to accomodate open source software: source code should be treated like a scientific publication: not authors but users should bear the risk of patent infringement. Horns proposes this in various publications, including his ipjur.com website, an ambitious collection of immaterial property related documentation.
Fraunhofer/MPI 2001: Economic/Legal Study about Software Patents
- In 2001-01, the German Federal Ministery of Economy and Technology (BMWi) ordered a study on the economic effects of software patentability from well known think tanks with close affinity to the German patent establishment: the Fraunhofer Institute for Innovation Research (ISI.fhg.de), the Fraunhofer Patent Agency (PST.fhg.de) and the Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Patent, Copyright and Competition Law (MPI = intellecprop.mpg.de). The study was largely concluded in 2001-06 and preliminary results were presented to a selected audience. The final report was published by the BMWi on 2001-11-15. The study is based on an opinion poll answered by several hundred software company representatives and independent software developpers, conducted by Fraunhofer ISI. Most respondents have had little experience with software patents and don't want software patents to become a daily reality like in the US. The poll also investigated the significance of open source software for these companies and found it to be of substantial importance as a common infrastructure. Based on these findings, the Fraunhofer authors predict that an increase in the use of software patents will put many software companies out of business and slow down innovation in the software field. The study then jumps to conclude that software patents must be legalised and SMEs must be better informed about them. This surprising conclusion is drawn by the patent law scholars from MPI. The MPI's legal study does not explore any ways to redraw the borders between patents and copyright but just takes the EPO and USPTO practise as an inevitable reality. They find that the EPO's caselaw is contradictory and chaotic and blame this on Art 52.2c EPC, which they say has failed to provide clear guidance and should therefore be deleted. Business related algorithms are, they say, less likely to be patented at the EPO than algorithms that "stand in a tradition of engineering". The MPI writers however do not try to provide a clear rule for distinguishing the two, and they oppose the idea of drawing a line between the physical and the logical ("technical inventions" vs "rules of organisation and calculation") as done by lawcourts in the 70s and 80s, asserting that information is also a physical phenomenon. They propose that all legislative power concerning the limits of patentability be handed over to the EPO, which should then, at its discretion and as far as Art 27 TRIPs allows, consult experts of interested parties for regular rewriting of its Examination Guidelines. Art 27 TRIPs demands that patents be "available in all fields of technology", and the MPI understands "technology" as "the useful arts" and is careful not to mention Kolle and other European theoreticians of the concept of technical invention. Summarily the study can be summarised as "Fraunhofer: software patents are unpopular in the software industry and dangerous to innovation and competition. MPI: Fine, so let's legalise them quickly."
Interpretation of art 52 of the European Patent Convention in view of the question, to what extent software is patentable
- Dr. Karl Friedrich Lenz, professor for German and European Law at Aoyama Gakuin University in Tokyo, investigates using the various universally accepted methods of law interpretation which meaning has to be attributed to the text of art 52 EPC today and reaches the conclusion that the Technical Boards of Appeal of the European Patent Office have for some time now regularly granted patents on programs for computers as such and are showing a disturbing willingness to substitute their own value judgements for those given by the legislator.
Patent Jurisprudence on a Slippery Slope -- the price for dismantling the concept of technical invention
- So far computer programs and other rules of organisation and calculation are not patentable inventions according to European law. This doesn't mean that a patentable manufacturing process may not be controlled by software. However the European Patent Office and some national courts have gradually blurred the formerly sharp boundary between material and immaterial innovation, thus risking to break the whole system and plunge it into a quagmire of arbitrariness, legal insecurity and dysfunctionality. This article offers an introduction and an overview of relevant research literature.